The current moment of toxinology is marked by a consistent interest in understanding how venoms from different animals arose, evolved and diversified. The contributions of the phylogenetic and ecological contexts to the selection and diversification of toxins are now beginning to be evaluated at 
both micro- and macro-evolutionary levels. And much of these questions are now possible to be addressed due to the availability of high-throughput analytical tools and to the intercommunication between their outputs, such as the comparison of transcriptomes and proteomes representing genotypic and phenotypic features. Accordingly, the long term studies of researchers from CeTICs on particular venoms and the technical knowhow fostered by the first years of this Project resulted in a growing focus of some sub-projects onto deep compositional and evolutionary analysis of venoms. Significant results in this field were recently obtained by the different groups of the CeTICS, pointing out this thematic as an emerging and convergent expertise of the Center. By recognizing this niche, we delimited some scientific proposals that represent a step forward for the ongoing studies of the group, yet with a more explicit focus on this thematic and with a higher degree of interaction between the researchers.